Living in the Grey: Challenging All-or-nothing Thinking

All-or-nothing thinking, sometimes referred to as black-and-white thinking or dichotomous thinking, is the most common cognitive error I notice in patients with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. In Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy (1980), David Burns identified ten different types of cognitive distortions, or inaccurate and problematic ways of viewing onself and the world.

Cognitive distortions may lead to negative emotions and problematic behaviors. They are a primary target of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Some of the most common examples of all-or-nothing thinking in patients with eating disorders are creating a rigid dichotomy of good versus bad foods and defining eating behavior as either good or bad. Let’s look at how these may cause problems, such as binge eating, for an eating disorder sufferer.

Jane: Good foods vs. bad foods

Jane has a food rule that she doesn’t eat candy because it is a “bad food.” Jane gets a surprise delivery for Valentine’s Day: of a box of chocolates. Jane believes that chocolate is forbidden, but she decides just this once, to indulge.

She has one chocolate, and then another. It is so enticing partially because she is "not allowed" to eat chocolate. After two pieces of chocolate, Jane feels upset with herself. She knows she has broken her food rule – she’s “been bad.” Then Jane thinks, “Oh well, I’ve already blown it, I might as well give up and eat more of them.” She might even think, “I’d better finish the box because then they won’t be here to tempt me tomorrow.

I will go back to being good tomorrow.”

Sound familiar?

Jim: good eating behavior vs. bad eating behavior

Jim often goes out for a burger with his friends from work. When he does, he either gets a green salad (when he is dieting and being “good”), or he has a double cheeseburger, fries, and a shake (when he is not dieting).

He notices that when he is dieting and has only the green salad while all his buddies eat burgers, he ends up feeling sad and deprived and sometimes goes home and binge eats ice cream. On the other hand, at the times he eats the double cheeseburger, fries, and shake, he feels ill and berates himself for eating unhealthy. Either way, his rules leave him feeling not good.

Learning to live in the grey

Recovery from an eating disorder involves learning to think and live in shades of grey. Living in the grey area means accepting that all foods in moderation can be part of a balanced and healthy diet. It means eating in a way that is flexible enough to be sustainable. It means embracing ambiguity.

What would this look like for Jane and Jim?

Jane could work on relaxing her rigid rule about chocolate being “bad” and working towards all foods being neutral. Once all foods are permitted, it is easier to stop after a normal portion and she won’t have to face the distress of breaking a rule. She can learn to have a few pieces of chocolate and enjoy them.

Jim could learn that he doesn’t have to vacillate between restricting or overindulging when he is out to eat with his friends. If he wants to have a cheeseburger, he can have a single cheeseburger with a side salad.

This way he will likely not feel deprived but will be able to enjoy a more balanced meal. He will ultimately be relieved of the shame of binge eating.

Addressing dysfunctional thoughts such as all-or-nothing thinking is but one element of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a leading evidence-based treatment for eating disorders. Trained eating disorder professionals can help clients develop more balanced thinking and healthy eating behaviors.