What Is Stigma?

What Is Stigma?

Stigma involves negative attitudes or discrimination against someone based on a distinguishing characteristic such as a mental illness, health condition, or disability. Social stigmas can also be related to other characteristics including gender, sexuality, race, religion, and culture. 

Unfortunately, stigma surrounding mental health is still common. While stigma is not limited to mental conditions, attitudes towards psychiatric illnesses tend to be more negative than that toward medical conditions.

Signs of Stigma

Examples of how stigma is perpetuated include:

• Media depictions where the villain is often a character with a mental illness
• Harmful stereotypes of people with mental illness
• Treating mental health issues as if they are something people can overcome if they just "try harder" or "snap out of it"
• Using phrases like "she's crazy" or "he's nuts" to describe other people or their behavior
• Halloween costumes that depict people with mental illness as violent and dangerous

Anyone who has had experience with mental illness, personally or professionally, can tell you that despite advances in psychiatry and psychology, a great deal of stigma remains. While people have become more informed about mental disorders in general, stigma continues to be a reality.

Types of Stigma

The stigma associated with mental illness can be divided into two types:

• Social stigma, which involves the prejudiced attitudes others have around mental illness
• Self-perceived stigma, which involves an internalized stigma the person with the mental illness suffers from

A 2013 review of studies on the public stigma of mental illness showed that stigma is still widespread, even as the public has become more aware of the nature of different mental health conditions. While the public may accept the medical or genetic nature of psychiatric illness and the need for treatment, many people still have a negative view of those with mental health conditions.

Perceived stigma leads to an internalized shame about having a mental illness. It has been found in a long-term study that this sort of internalized stigma leads to poorer treatment outcomes.

Impact of Stigma

The consequences of stigma can be serious and devastating. With stigma comes a lack of understanding from others, which can be invalidating and painful, but stigma also carries more serious consequences including fueling fear, anger, and intolerance directed at other people. People who are subjected to stigma are more likely to experience:

• Reluctance to seek out treatment
• Delayed treatment, which increases morbidity and mortality
• Social rejection, avoidance, and isolation
• Worse psychological well-being
• Poor understanding among friends and family
• Harassment, violence, or bullying
• Poor quality of life, disability, and increased socioeconomic burden
• Increased feelings of shame and self-doubt

The stigma surrounding mental health can make it less likely that people will seek treatment. Some conditions may worsen over time without treatment, so failing to seek treatment ultimately worsens outcomes.

Stigma can also cause people to doubt themselves and their abilities to achieve their goals in life. It can also lead to feelings of shame and even isolation. It may make it harder for people to find jobs and adequate housing. 

Tips to Combat Stigma

There are some things that you can do to help combat both social stigma and self-perceived stigma about mental illness.

• Remember that many people experience mental illness. If you have a mental illness, know that you are not alone. One in four Americans has a mental illness of some kind. 
• Find support. Whatever you do, stay connected to others and get support. Organizations such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) offer educational and supportive resources for people and families who are affected by mental illness. Get treatment so that you can experience reduced symptoms and a better quality of life.
• Speak out. Educate people around you about the realities of mental illness including how common it is and actively speak out against stigma. Debunk myths about mental illness such as the idea that people with schizophrenia are usually violent. If a family member or friend makes a disparaging remark about someone with a mental illness, educate them and have a no-tolerance policy.

History of Mental Illness Stigma

Mental illness has a long history of being stigmatized in societies around the globe. From being thought of as the mark of the devil to being considered a moral punishment, the ideologies around the etiology of mental illness have ranged wide.

As a result, treatment has historically not always made scientific sense and has been brutal and inhumane. Dating back to Neolithic times, trephining, for example, involved chipping a hole in the person's skull to release the evil spirits. Treatment of mental illness has come a long way since then, but the fields of psychology and psychiatry are relatively young and still have a long way to go.

Stigma has arisen out of fear and a lack of understanding. It has persisted even with greater knowledge about the biochemical and genetic natures of different conditions. The representation of mental illness in mass media can add to the stigma.

As scientists continue to learn more about the causes of mental illness and develop effective treatments, it is hoped that stigma will decline.