The 8 Stages of Human Development

Stage 1: Trust Versus Mistrust

Trust versus mistrust is the earliest psychosocial stage that occurs during the first year or so of a child's life. During this critical phase of development, an infant is utterly dependent upon his or her caregivers. When parents or caregivers respond to a child's needs in a consistent and caring manner, the child then learns to trust the world and the people around him. 

Stage 2: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

The second psychosocial stage involves the conflict between autonomy and shame or doubt. As the child enters the toddler years, gaining a greater sense of personal control becomes increasingly important. Tasks such as learning how to use the toilet, selecting foods, and choosing toys are ways that children gain a greater sense of independence.

Stage 3: Initiative Versus Guilt

The third psychosocial stage is known as initiative versus guilt and occurs between the ages of about three and five. This stage is centered on developing a sense of self-initiative. Children who are allowed and encouraged to engage in self-directed play emerge with a sense of strong initiative, while those who are discouraged may begin to feel a sense of guilt over their self-initiated activities.

Stage 4: Industry Versus Inferiority

During middle childhood between the ages of about six and eleven, children enter the psychosocial stage known as industry versus inferiority. As children engage in social interaction with friends and academic activities at school, they begin to develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their work and abilities.

Children who are praised and encouraged develop a sense of competence. Those who are discouraged are left with a sense of inferiority.

Stage 5: Identity Versus Confusion

In the fifth psychosocial stage is centered on identity versus role confusion. At this point in development, the formation of a personal identity becomes critical. During adolescence, teens explore different behaviors, roles, and identities.

Erikson believed that this stage was particularly crucial and that forging a strong identity serves as a basis for finding future direction in life. Those who find a sense of identity feel secure, independent, and ready to face the future, while those who remain confused may feel lost, insecure, and unsure of their place in the world.

Stage 6: Intimacy Versus Isolation

The sixth psychosocial stage is centered on intimacy versus isolation is focuses on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Dating, marriage, family, and friendships are important during the intimacy versus isolation stage, which lasts from approximately age 19 to 40.

By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and enjoy intimacy. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone.

Stage 7: Generativity Versus Stagnation

Once adults enter the generativity versus stagnation stage that occurs during middle adulthood, the psychosocial conflict becomes centered on the need to create or nurture things that will outlast the individual.

Raising a family, working, and contributing to the community are all ways that people develop a sense of purpose. Those who fail to find ways to contribute may feel disconnected and useless.

Stage 8: Integrity Versus Despair

The final psychosocial stage is known as integrity versus despair and it begins around the age of 65 and lasts until death. During this period of time, the individual looks back on his or her life. The major question during this stage is, "Did I live a meaningful life?"

Those who have will feel a sense of peace, wisdom, and fulfillment, even when facing death. For those who look back on life with bitterness and regret, feelings of despair may result.