Sigmund Freud's Life and Contributions to Psychology

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known as the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a set of therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation.

Psychoanalysis became a dominating school of thought during the early years of psychology and remains quite influential today. In addition to his influence on psychology, Freud's ideas have permeated popular culture and concepts such as Freudian slips, the unconscious, wish fulfillment, and the ego are even commonly used in everyday language.

Sigmund Freud's Biography

Let's learn a bit more about his life and theories in this brief biography. Freud was best known for:

• Being the founder of psychoanalysis
• Theory of psychosexual development
• The id, ego, and superego
• Dream interpretation
• Free association

Birth and Death

• Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856
• He died September 23, 1939

Freud's Life and Career

When he was young, Sigmund Freud’s family moved from Frieberg, Moravia, to Vienna, where he would spend most of his life. His parents taught him at home before entering him in Spurling Gymnasium, where he was first in his class and graduated summa cum laude.

After studying medicine at the University of Vienna, Freud worked and gained respect as a physician. Through his work with respected French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, Freud became fascinated with the emotional disorder known as hysteria. Later, Freud and his friend and mentor Dr. Josef Breuer introduced him to the case study of a patient known as Anna O., who was really a woman named Bertha Pappenheim. Her symptoms included a nervous cough, tactile anesthesia, and paralysis. Over the course of her treatment, the woman recalled several traumatic experiences, which Freud and Breuer believed contributed to her illness.

The two physicians concluded that there was no organic cause for Anna O's difficulties, but that having her talk about her experiences had a calming effect on the symptoms. Freud and Breuer published the work Studies in Hysteria in 1895. It was Bertha Pappenheim herself who referred to the treatment as "the talking cure."

Later works include The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905). These works became world-famous, but Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages has long been a subject of criticism and debate. While his theories are often viewed with skepticism, Freud’s work continues to influence psychology and many other disciplines to this day.

Influence

Freud also influenced many other prominent psychologists, including his daughter Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson, and Carl Jung.

Freud's Contributions to the Field of Psychology

Regardless of the perception of Sigmund Freud’s theories today, there is no question that he had an enormous impact on the field of psychology. His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes, and he also recognized that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior.

His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development, and abnormal psychology.

Selected Publications

• (1895) Studies in Hysteria
• (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams
• (1901) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
• (1905) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
• (1905) Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria
• (1923) The Ego and the Id
• (1930) Civilization and its Discontents
• (1939) Moses and Monotheism

Biographies

Read more about Sigmund Freud's life and theories in these biographies.

• Breger, Louis (2000). Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision—An Analytical Biography
• Ferris, Paul (1999). Dr. Freud: A Life
• Gay, Peter (1998). Freud: A Life for Our Time
• Roazen, Paul (1992). Freud and His Followers