Eating Disorders How Overeating Can Be an Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial process Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 18, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 14, 2020 Print Overeating is a common problem. It can lead to numerous other problems, ranging from heartburn in the short term to obesity in the long term. It has also been found to be associated with many GI symptoms, including abdominal pain, particularly in the upper gastrointestinal tract; bloating; and diarrhea. Eating too much one time won't cause obesity, but it may cause discomfort, pain, and interference with sleep. Although we might expect that these symptoms would discourage people from overeating, unfortunately, the body adjusts to overeating by releasing dopamine — a natural pleasure chemical that encourages us to eat even more. So even if overeating causes pain and discomfort, we may feel compelled to continue overeating. This is an important part of how food addiction develops. Understanding Food Addiction So over a longer period of time, overeating on a regular basis, without adequate exercise can lead to obesity. When we eat foods we enjoy, the body releases dopamine, which is associated with feelings of pleasure or reward, and it encourages us to eat even more. So even if overeating causes pain and discomfort, we may feel compelled to continue overeating. And just to make the situation even more complicated, there is not just one type of overeating. It can happen as a result of how you feel, who you are with, and many other factors. Here are ten of the most frequently cited types of overeating that can lead to pain and obesity, as can contribute to the development of food addiction. Here are ten of the most frequently cited ways that overeating can become a problem. 1 Binge Eating Caroline von Tuempling / Getty Images Binge eating involves consuming a large amount of food in a short space of time. Binges, by definition, require you to eat more food than people normally do, and more food than you need. Binge eating can happen on a single occasion, or it can become a regular way of eating, leading to problems. Although binge eating in itself does not necessarily constitute a food addiction or eating disorder, binge eating is a symptom of Binge Eating Disorder and the eating disorder Bulimia Nervosa. The Differences Between Binge Eating and Overeating 2 Overeating From Supersize Meal Portions Supersize meal portions are commonly the extra-large portions of fast food or restaurant meal servings, whereby the food portion you buy is much larger than a normal meal portion. Supersize meal portions are heavily marketed, particularly in North American culture. This can easily lead to consuming much larger amounts of food than necessary and, if eaten on a regular basis, can lead to obesity and poor nutrition. 3 Emotional Eating Commonly cited on shows such as Oprah, emotional eating is frequently referred to as a way that women, in particular, eat when they feel upset or unhappy. The clichés of the girl eating a quart of ice cream after a bad breakup, or the middle-aged women bingeing on carbs when she has PMS, are examples of "emotional eating" stereotypes. Unfortunately these stereotypes can lead to the very behavior they portray in people who relate to them. What's more, men experience emotional eating as well. 4 Stress Eating Stress eating, although closely related to emotional eating, is more heavily driven by anxiety rather than depression, and may be a way of fueling overwork when the time is not taken for adequate breaks or meals. 5 Sugar Addiction Sweet, sugary food is particularly addictive to many people. Some overeaters binge on confectionary or other sweet foods, with chocolate having a particular allure. Parents should be vigilant that their children do not develop sugar addiction, as daily sweets consumption in childhood is related to emotional difficulties in adulthood, as well as obesity and tooth decay. 6 Compulsive Snacking Although eating two to three snacks a day between meals is often considered healthy, constant snacking, particularly on unhealthy snacks, can lead to overeating, whether the snacking is in place of or in addition to regular meals. Many overeaters fall into the trap of carefully planning three healthy meals a day but not including snacks in their calorie count, thereby inadvertently overeating. 7 Fast Food People who rely on fast food often overeat. Fast food is designed to stimulate overeating, typically by using a combination of sugar, salt, and fat, all shown by research to be addictive. Although the ingredients of fast food may be poor quality and unappetizing, the addictive ingredients ensure a huge turnover of high-calorie food, which can lead to obesity and poor nutrition. 8 Comfort Eating While comfort eating can be healthy in moderation, people who eat in order to deal with distressing emotions may overeat and, in a similar way to stress eaters and emotional eaters, comfort eaters may fall into the trap of food addiction as their primary coping strategy. 9 Social Eating Social eating is a widely accepted practice and, in moderation, can be a healthy activity. But people who are constantly under pressure to eat socially, such as those who routinely wine and dine others, or people who meet over business meals, may be prone to overeating, particularly when the expectation is for large portions and high-calorie foods. 10 Boredom Eating Boredom eating is a mindless approach to food, in which a lack of stimulation in other areas of life leads to eating, just to feel something. Boredom eaters can be prone to binge eating, supersize portions, compulsive snacking, sugar addiction, and fast food. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Learn the best ways to manage stress and negativity in your life. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Meule A, Gearhardt AN. Food Addiction in the Light of DSM-5. Nutrients. 2014;6(9):3653-3671. doi:10.3390/nu6093653 Almiron-Roig E, Navas-carretero S, Emery P, Martínez JA. Research into food portion size: methodological aspects and applications. Food Funct. 2018;9(2):715-739. doi:10.1039/c7fo01430a Bongers P, De Graaff A, Jansen A. 'Emotional' does not even start to cover it: Generalization of overeating in emotional eaters. Appetite. 2016;96:611-616. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.004 Markus CR, Rogers PJ, Brouns F, Schepers R. Eating dependence and weight gain; no human evidence for a 'sugar-addiction' model of overweight. Appetite. 2017;114:64-72. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.024 Finlayson G. Food addiction and obesity: unnecessary medicalization of hedonic overeating. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(8):493-498. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.61 Additional Reading American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). United States: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013 Heshmat S. Eating Behavior And Obesity: Behavioral Economics Strategies For Health Professionals [e-book]. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2011