The Health Effects of Cocaine Use

Cocaine is a highly addictive and illegal recreational drug that has a wide variety of well-understood effects on the body. The drug produces euphoria, which is described as a feeling of pleasure and an extreme sense of invincibility, often leading to abuse of the drug and negative health consequences.

Cocaine users develop a tolerance over time and report that they are never able to achieve the "high" they felt the first time they used the drug. As tolerance to cocaine develops, most users say that the euphoric feeling they get with repeated use is not as intense or as long-lasting as it was with early use, even with escalating doses. This often leads to further physical and mental health problems.

Cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant that affects the way the brain processes dopamine, a naturally produced neurotransmitter that is associated with regulating pleasure, movement and other functions.

Cocaine interferes with the brain's reabsorption (removal) of dopamine, prolonging dopamine's action, which produces a variety of effects. Cocaine works almost immediately, but its effect ultimately leads to a depletion of dopamine resulting in a "crash". Many users deal with this feeling by using more cocaine, which creates a cycle of use and withdrawal.

Immediately after cocaine use, users will exhibit the following physical symptoms:

• Constricted blood vessels
• Dilated pupils
• Increased heart rate
• Higher blood pressure

Shortly after using cocaine, the user experiences a euphoric period, which can last up to 30 minutes. Users typically feel:

• Hyperstimulated
• Reduced fatigue or need for sleep
• Feelings of invincibility
• More talkative than usual or conversely, more contemplative and deep in thought
• An increased libido
• An inability to comprehend signs of danger
• Numbing of physical and mental pain
• Mental alertness

Men and women who have used cocaine report feeling extremely depressed and agitated without the drug. When the immediate euphoric rush of the cocaine wears off, the individual may experience a crash with the following effects on the body:

• Anxiety and tension
• Mood swings
• Depression
• Exhaustion

Many cocaine users also have unpleasant experiences along with the euphoria. These experiences include:

• Restlessness
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Paranoia
• Hallucinations
• Unpredictable violent/aggressive behavior
• Dry mouth
• Reduced appetite

These experiences can last anywhere from a couple of minutes to a few hours, depending on the dose and method by which the drug is taken.

Long-Term or Chronic Use

Repeated cocaine use can cause a variety of health effects on the body. These effects can happen right after using cocaine, or they can occur even after the drug wears off.

Consequences of long-term cocaine use include:

• Irregular heartbeat
• Chest pain
• Hypertension
• Abdominal pain and nausea
• Seizures
• Headaches
• Insomnia and exhaustion
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Paranoia
• Psychosis
• Hallucinations
• Light and sound sensitivity
• Weight loss and eating disorders
• Sexual dysfunction
• Cerebral atrophy and impaired thinking
• Bizarre, aggressive or violent behavior
• Heart attack
• Stroke

Some of the long-term effects and symptoms associated with cocaine use are related to the dosage and method of use.

Methods of Use: Effects of Injecting, Smoking or Snorting

Cocaine can be snorted, injected into the skin, or smoked. The method of cocaine use not only affects the length of the high, but it also comes with certain risks that further exacerbate long-term use symptoms.

Injected

When cocaine is injected, the euphoric feeling can last from 15 to 30 minutes. With chronic injections into the skin, cocaine can cause severe vasoconstriction (constricted blood vessels) that may prevent blood flowing into the tissue, resulting in severe tissue damage.

The effect on the body can include severe allergic reactions, and increased risk for contracting HIV, hepatitis, heart infections or sepsis (a blood infection). Since cocaine is often ‘cut’ with toxic substances, it can cause abscesses, collapsed veins and even damage to the heart, liver, and brain.

Smoked

When cocaine is smoked, the high may last only five to 10 minutes. Risks include breathing difficulties, inflammation of the lungs, a chronic cough, and bronchitis.

Snorted

When cocaine is snorted, it tends to reach the brain at a slower rate than smoking it and gives a milder euphoria, but it may last from 15 to 30 minutes. Health effects of snorting cocaine include a chronically runny nose, nosebleeds, loss of smell, hoarse voice, and problems swallowing.

Long-term effects commonly seen in chronic cocaine users include a damaged nose called “septal perforation” or a “hole in the septum,” which happens when repeated snorting of cocaine damages the nasal lining and the structure (the nasal septum) that separates the nostrils. This condition is also referred to as "coke nose".

When used in higher doses, cocaine can lead to overdose (a condition where there is more of the substance in the body than the individual can cope with). Injecting cocaine increases the risk of overdose, as users often do not know the strength or purity of the cocaine being used.

Because cocaine affects the heart and respiratory system, an overdose can cause death, especially when you inject or smoke it.

Higher doses of cocaine can lead to coma and even death resulting from the following symptoms:

• Heart attack
• Kidney failure
• Hyperthermia
• Repeated convulsions or seizures
• Brain hemorrhaging
• Stroke

A total of 70,237 persons died from drug overdoses in the United States in 2017; approximately two-thirds of these deaths involved an opioid. Among all 2017 drug overdose deaths, 13,942 (19.8%) involved cocaine. Deaths from a combination of cocaine and opioids have more than doubled since 2010.

While cocaine abuse is a well-known problem, the drug can result in such a strong addiction that users often continue to abuse it even after having suffered serious problems, such as seizures or heart attacks. Often, recovering from drug addiction requires professional treatment, medical supervision, and methods of accountability.