This is What COPD Looks Like

The bronchial tubes are the large airways that branch off of the trachea bringing air into and out of the lungs.    

Bronchitis is a condition where a heavy lining of mucus forms on the inside of the bronchial tubes, usually from an irritant, like cigarette smoke.  

Bronchitis can also be triggered by an infection brought on by a cold. Smokers are prone to having colds develop into bronchitis because their delicate bronchial tissues are already compromised from cigarette smoke. Also known as a "chest cold", this type of bronchitis is considered acute.

For  long-term smokers, bronchitis can become a chronic condition lasting for years or life where this inflammation is always present (because cigarettes smoke is always present).

This illustration shows a build up of inflammation that occurs in the mucus membrane that lines the bronchial tubes in a person with chronic bronchitis.

Symptoms of chronic bronchitis are a cough that often produces phlegm and feelings of breathlessness due to constricted airways.

 People with emphysema have a severely diminished ability to breathe because the alveoli in their lungs have become damaged.  

Alveoli are very tiny air pockets or sacs that are at the ends of the airways in our lungs.  Alveoli sacs take oxygen from the air we breathe in and pass it through to the bloodstream.  The waste gas, carbon dioxide exits via the alveoli when we exhale. 

Over time, the toxins in cigarette smoke break down the walls between these tiny little air pockets, creating bigger air sacs instead.  This is bad for breathing, because bigger sacs means less surface area for the gas/blood exchange. 

People with emphysema are not able to get enough oxygen out of the air they breathe, which is why they often have to supplement it with bottled air.

Emphysema is not a curable disease, but its progression can be slowed or even stopped if one quits smoking soon enough.

 A normal human lung is pink and spongy, filled with an intricate system of airways and thousands of tiny aveoli sacs.  

This image shows a right human lung with emphysema and blackened by tar, which is a residue left behind from the chemicals in cigarette smoke.

In order to see how COPD impairs lung function, it helps to understand how the lungs function and what they look like when they're healthy. Take a tour of the human respiratory system in this image gallery.

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The diseases that fall under the umbrella of COPD are reviewed in this image gallery.

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Lung transplants are sometimes an option for people with severe COPD.  This image gallery walks readers through what is involved in lung transplantation.

• Surgical Treatment for COPD