Depression Causes Why Depression Is More Common in Women Than in Men By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial process Updated on December 24, 2020 Medically reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Carly Snyder, MD Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments. Learn about our Medical Review Board Print Verywell / Bailey Mariner Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Hormonal Differences Socialization Differences Diagnosis Differences It has been widely documented that there are gender differences in depression prevalence, with women experiencing major depression more often than men. This risk exists independent of race or ethnicity. One large-scale 2017 study found that these gender differences emerge starting at age 12, with girls and women being twice as likely as men to experience depression. Several risk factors have been studied that might account for gender differences in rates of depression. Common Signs of Depression in Women Hormonal Differences Given that the peak onset of depressive disorders in women coincides with their reproductive years (between the ages of 25 to 44 years of age), hormonal risk factors may play a role. Estrogen and progesterone have been shown to affect neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine, and circadian systems that have been implicated in mood disorders. The fact that women can experience mood disorders associated with their menstrual cycle, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a mood disorder characterized by depressive symptoms that occur prior to the start of the menstrual cycle, also points to a relationship between female sex hormones and mood. Although menopause is a time when a woman's risk of depression declines, the peri-menopausal period is a time of increased risk for those with a history of major depression. Other hormonal factors that may contribute to a woman's risk for depression are sex differences related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and thyroid function. Depression Statistics Everyone Should Know Socialization Differences Researchers have found that gender differences in socialization could play a role in rates of depression as well. Girls are generally socialized to be more nurturing and sensitive to the opinions of others, while little boys are often encouraged to develop a greater sense of mastery and independence in their lives. Masculine gender socialization emphasizes norms such as stoicism, toughness, and the avoidance of anything perceived as feminine, including displays of emotion. Some researchers suggest that this type of socialization may cause depression to manifest differently in men. Gender Schema Theory and Roles in Culture Social Roles It has also been theorized that women who become housewives and mothers may find their roles devalued by society. Meanwhile, women who pursue a career outside the home may face discrimination and job inequality or may feel conflicts between their role as a wife and mother and their work. The socialization of gender roles and gender traits has been associated with how well people cope with stress and the effects that stress has on health. Researchers have found that such socialization benefits men in terms of overall health. Coping Style Studies also show that women tend to use a more emotion-focused, ruminative coping style—mulling their problems over in their minds; while men tend to use a more problem-focused, distracting coping style to help them forget their troubles. It has been hypothesized that this ruminative coping style could lead to longer and more severe episodes of depression and contribute to women's greater vulnerability to depression. Find Help With the Best Online Resources for Depression Stressful Life Events Evidence suggests that, throughout their lifetimes, women may experience more stressful life events and have a greater sensitivity to them than men. Adolescent girls tend to report more negative life events than boys—usually related to their relationships with their parents and peers—and experience higher levels of distress related to them. Studies of adult women have found that women are more likely than men to become depressed in response to a stressful life event and to have experienced a stressful event prior to a major depressive episode. However, depression prevalence rates also tend to be fairly consistent globally, which may suggest that biological influences play the largest role and that factors such as socioeconomic status, education, race, diet, and culture are secondary or compounding influences. If you or a loved one are struggling with depression, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Diagnosis Differences Researchers have also suggested that there may actually be no difference in prevalence between men and women. These researchers have proposed the idea that it may actually be that women seek help more often than men or report their symptoms differently, leading to them being diagnosed more often than men. Some research indicates that not only may men experience depression differently than women do, but depression among men may also be underdiagnosed. Men tend to experience symptoms such as anger, irritability, sleep disturbances, and substance use. They are also more likely to describe depressive symptoms as "stress" rather than feelings of sadness. One study published in JAMA Psychiatry found that when depression was measured with these so-call "male symptoms," men actually had somewhat higher rates of depression (26.3% for men and 21.9% for women). A Word From Verywell Depression is a complex condition that does not have a single, simple cause. Further research is needed to understand sex differences in rates of depression and its diagnosis. The existing research suggests that biological differences between men and women play a significant part in explaining these differences. Cultural expectations, gender roles, and the underdiagnosis of depression in men may also be contributing factors. Why Some People Are More Prone to Depression 9 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin. 2017;143(8): 783–822. doi:10.1037/bul0000102 Wharton W, Gleason CE, Olson SR, Carlsson CM, Asthana S. Neurobiological underpinnings of the estrogen-mood relationship. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2012; 8(3): 247-256. doi:10.2174/157340012800792957 Altemus M, Sarvaiya N, Epperson CN. Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35(3):320-30. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.004 Wide J, Mok H, Mckenna M, Ogrodniczuk JS. Effect of gender socialization on the presentation of depression among men: A pilot study. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57(2):e74-8. PMID:21642709 Mayor E. Gender roles and traits in stress and health. Front Psychol. 2015;6:779. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00779 Johnson DP, Whisman MA. Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis. Pers Individ Dif. 2013;55(4):367-374. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019 Hamilton JL, Stange JP, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Stress and the development of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression explain sex differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence. Clin Psychol Sci. 2015;3(5):702-714. doi:10.1177/2167702614545479 Cohen S, Murphy MLM, Prather AA. Ten surprising facts about stressful life events and disease risk. Annu Rev Psychol. 2019;70(1):577-597. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 Martin LA, Neighbors HW, Griffith DM. The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1100-6. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985 Additional Reading Hage MP, Azar ST. The link between thyroid function and depression. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:590648. doi:10.1155/2012/590648. Martin LA, Neighbors HW, Griffith DM. The experience of depression in men vs women: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70(10): 1100-1106. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985 Mayor E. Gender roles and traits in stress and health. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015; 6:779. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00779 By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Other Helpful Report an Error Submit Speak to a Therapist for Depression Advertiser Disclosure × The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation.