Depression Causes Print Why Depression Is More Common in Women Than in Men Written by twitter Written by Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Updated on September 01, 2019 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Ghislain & Marie David de Lossy/Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Hormonal Differences Socialization Differences Diagnosis Differences View All It has been widely documented that there are gender differences in depression prevalence, with women experiencing major depression more often as men. This risk exists independent of race or ethnicity. One large-scale 2017 study found that these gender differences emerge starting at age 12, with girls and women being twice as likely as men to experience depression. Several risk factors have been studied which might account for gender differences in depression prevalence. Hormonal Differences Given that the peak onset of depressive disorders in women coincides with their reproductive years (between the ages of 25 to 44 years of age), hormonal risk factors may play a role. Estrogen and progesterone have been shown to affect neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine, and circadian systems that have been implicated in mood disorders. The fact that women often undergo mood disorders associated with their menstrual cycle, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a mood disorder characterized by depressive symptoms that occur prior to the start of the menstrual cycle, also points to a relationship between female sex hormones and mood. Research has shown that PMDD is linked to a gene alteration that increases a woman's sensitivity to the reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone. In addition, the hormonal fluctuations associated with childbirth are a common trigger for mood disorders. The onset of postpartum depression is thought to be linked to the dramatic hormonal changes that take place immediately after giving birth. Although menopause is a time when a woman's risk of depression declines, the perimenopausal period is a time of increased risk for those with a history of major depression. Other hormonal factors that may contribute to a woman's risk for depression are sex differences related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and to thyroid function. How Many People Have Depression? Socialization Differences Researchers have found that gender differences in socialization could play a role as well. Girls are socialized to be more nurturing and sensitive to the opinions of others, while little boys are encouraged to develop a greater sense of mastery and independence in their lives. Masculine gender socialization emphasizes norms such as stoicism, toughness, and the avoidance of anything perceived as feminine, including displays of emotion. Some researchers suggest that this type of socialization may cause depression to manifest differently in men. Social Roles It has also been theorized that women who become housewives and mothers may find their roles devalued by society while women who pursue a career outside the home may face discrimination and job inequality or may feel conflicts between their role as a wife and mother and their work. The socialization of gender roles and gender traits has been associated with how well people cope with stress and the effects that stress has on health. Researchers have found that such socialization benefits men in terms of overall health. Coping Style Studies show that women tend to use a more emotion-focused, ruminative coping style, mulling their problems over in their minds, while men tend to use a more problem-focused, distracting coping style to help them forget their troubles. It has been hypothesized that this ruminative coping style could lead to longer and more severe episodes of depression and contribute to women's greater vulnerability to depression. Find Help With the 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression Stressful Life Events Evidence suggests that, throughout their lifetimes, women may experience more stressful life events and have a greater sensitivity to them than men. Adolescent girls tend to report more negative life events than boys, usually related to their relationships with their parents and peers, and to experience higher levels of distress related to them. Studies of adult women have found that women are more likely than men to become depressed in response to a stressful life event and to have experienced a stressful event within six months prior to a major depressive episode. However, depression prevalence rates also tend to be fairly consistent globally, which may suggest that biological influences play the largest role and that factors such as socioeconomic status, education, race, diet, and culture. Diagnosis Differences Researchers have also suggested that there may actually be no difference in prevalence between men and women. These researchers have proposed the idea that it may actually be that women seek help more often than men or report their symptoms differently, leading to them being diagnosed more often than men. Some research indicates that not only may men experience depression differently than women do, but depression among men may also be underdiagnosed. Men tend to experience symptoms such as anger, irritability, sleep disturbances, and substance use. They are also more likely to describe depressive symptoms as "stress" rather than feelings of sadness. One study published in JAMA Psychiatry found that when depression was measured with these so-call "male symptoms," men actually had somewhat higher rates of depression (26.3% for men and 21.9% for women). A Word From Verywell Depression is a complex condition that does not have a single, simple cause. Further research is needed to understand sex differences in depression rates. The existing research suggests that biological differences between men and women play a significant part in explaining these differences. Cultural expectations, gender roles, and the underdiagnosis of depression in men may also be contributing factors. Why Some People Are More Prone to Depression Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Everything feels more challenging when you're dealing with depression. Get our free guide when you sign up for our newsletter. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial policy to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Hamilton, JL, Stange, JP, and Abramson, LY. Stress and the development of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression explain sex differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence. 2014; 3(5): 702-714. doi: 10.1177/2167702614545479. Additional Reading Dubey N, Hoffman JF, Schuebel K, et al. The ESC/E(Z) complex, an intrinsic cellular molecular pathway differentially responsive to ovarian steroids in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Molecular Psych. 2016, doi:10.1038/mp.2016.229 Hage MP, Azar ST. The link between thyroid function and depression. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:590648. doi:10.1155/2012/590648. Martin, LA, Neighbors, HW, and Griffith, DM. The experience of depression in men vs women: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70(10): 1100-1106. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985. Mayor, E. Gender roles and traits in stress and health. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015; 6; 779. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00779. Rachel H. Salk, Janet S. Hyde, Lyn Y. Abramson. Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 2017; DOI: 10.1037/bul0000102. Wharton W, Gleason, CE, Olson, SR, Carlsson, CM, and Asthana, S. Neurobiological underpinnings of the estrogen-mood relationship. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2012; 8(3): 247-256. doi: 10.2174/157340012800792957. Continue Reading